Xenotilapia melanogenys · Black-Chinned Xenotilapia

Overview

A shy, peaceful sand-dwelling cichlid, Xenotilapia melanogenys forms large wild groups. Males defend spawning pits, but the fish are poorly suited to forceful companions. Sudden movement outside the aquarium or abrupt light changes can provoke nervous reactions.

Distribution & habitat

Endemic to Lake Tanganyika, it is widespread over sand, usually in relatively deep water before moving shallower to breed. Natural shoals appear stable and individuals may remain together for life, an observation rather than a rigid rule for every aquarium group.

Aquarium setup

Sand is essential. Arrange rock caves around broad open areas of substrate and swimming space. Bright lighting seems acceptable, but abrupt switching can startle the fish. Rockwork should divide separate sand territories when more than one male is kept.

Diet & feeding

It feeds almost entirely from the bottom, sifting sand for invertebrates and other small items. Most offered foods are accepted, with live and frozen foods forming the main menu. Ensure that food reaches the substrate instead of being intercepted by faster companions.

Behaviour & compatibility

Avoid boisterous mbuna and other companions that create constant pressure. Peaceful Tanganyikan fishes are more suitable. Conspecifics generally coexist well outside male spawning territories. Several females per male spread attention, while two or more males encourage full display only where adequately separated territories are available.

Sexual dimorphism

Males are larger with longer dorsal and anal fins, becoming markedly more colorful during breeding.

Breeding

Maternal mouthbrooding can be managed by raising a juvenile group. Reproductive viability is described mainly between one and three years, so large purchased adults may already be poor breeding prospects. Use a species aquarium with at least two females per male. Males excavate separate pits, usually a broad crater with a smaller central spawning depression.

After courtship displays, eggs are fertilized in the pit and collected by the female. Broods of about ten to eighty are held for up to four weeks without feeding. Stress can cause premature release or loss. Move females cautiously only when needed; prolonged absence can complicate their return to the hierarchy.

Released young accept Artemia nauplii and crushed flakes. Other adults will prey on them, so separate rearing is preferable.